James 2

V1. You have seen in the final verses of the previous chapter that God is a caring Father and that He is light and love. By helping widows and orphans you can show that God is a Father Who looks after those who are deprived of all help. Because God also is light, the command goes together with keeping yourself unstained from the world.

Now to keep you from becoming excessive in your separation from the world and falling into Pharisaism, James presents to you in the first verse of this chapter “the glorious Lord”. He does that in connection to the admonition that there should be no “personal favoritism” with those who believe in our “Lord Jesus Christ”.

James calls the Lord by His full name because he must rail against the great evil in the Christian church regarding giving preferential treatment to certain people, due to their social position. Such a conduct is absolutely in contrast with the Person of Christ and the confession of faith in Him. Partiality is totally strange to Him (Acts 10:34). That is also not the way He dealt with you and me, right?

If you are impressed by socially successful people, people with a high position, and admire them for the nice looking car by which they come to the meeting and the nice clothes they wear for that occasion, then you have not really looked well to ‘the glorious Lord’. What does that entire earthly splendor mean in the light of His glory?

The Lord had glory with the Father before the world was (Jn 17:5). Also on earth He had glory, not for men (Isa 53:2), but for those with faith (Jn 1:14). This glory radiated through His humble stature. He will have glory when He returns to earth (2Pet 1:16-17). There is also a glory that is typical of Him and which we will see without taking part of it (Jn 17:24). He is the center and the radiation of all God’s thoughts and glory (Heb 1:3). All glory is in Him.

That glory is in sharp contrast with earthly glory. In the light of the Lord of all glory there is no room for rank or position. Then everything that is attractive to the man of the world shrinks and also the matters that still exert a strong attraction on us as believers, such as wealth, reputation, position and power. Those are all matters that make man blind for true glory and through which he is on his way to hell. We too are inclined to look at the outward appearance (1Sam 16:7). Let us bear in mind that what is highly estimated by men is an abomination to God.

By the way, James is not calling for “leveling”, that is, eliminating ranks and classes from the world and making everyone equal. He only wants the differences that exist in social life to play no role among believers in their dealings with one another as believers. In case that happens, he wants this evil to be judged. There are indeed differences among believers that are to be considered in their dealings with one another, such as a difference in age, in gender, in gifts. Those differences were made by the Lord. The differences are not to be played off against one another, but are supposed to be complementary to one another.

V2-3. James calls the evil by its name. He describes how men behave toward a rich man and toward a poor man when they enter the synagogue. Both the way they approach the rich and the way they approach the poor are wrong. It is far below the level of the glory of the Lord in Whom they say they believe. They look up to the rich man, due to his golden rings and his nice clothes and they look down to the shabby clothed poor man. They guide the rich man with a bow to a nice place, and they give the poor man a standing place or a place by their footstool.

V4. With such a behavior they show an arrogance that comes down to playing the role of judge. They have neither authority nor ability for such a way of acting. The distinction they made, they made among themselves, for their own benefit. There is nothing of the Lord in this matter. On the contrary, they act “with evil motives”. Such an evil motive is for example that they try to gain favor with rich people, because that can deliver them profit. They cannot gain any profit with poor people and therefore they do not care about them.

Do you remember what James said about ‘pure and undefiled religion before God and the Father’? Was it not that precisely the poor people were to be visited in their affliction? How far away is making this distinction with evil motives from the true religion!

V5. “Listen, my beloved brethren”, James says. In other words: ‘You must listen carefully. You are really my beloved brethren and therefore I tell you how God thinks about the socially deprived people. The poor in the world have priority with Him, they have a special place with Him.’

Paul also says that to the Corinthians, who were also that sensitive to the honor and reputation of the world (1Cor 1:16-28). The fact that God has chosen the poor does not mean that He has chosen them because they have no money, but because they have no rights and because they are dependent on others. With God it is about people who are of no account.

By their being chosen they became rich in faith. To be rich in faith means to be rich in God (Lk 12:21). These riches cannot be expressed in money. Even the world is theirs (1Cor 3:21-23) because they belong to Him Who owns all silver and gold (Hag 2:8). They still have to wait for taking possession of that until the Lord Jesus comes back.

The Lord Jesus was the poor One par excellence. He was rich, but became poor for our sake, so that we might become rich through His poverty (2Cor 8:9). That poverty was not the feeding trough in which he was laid after His birth and the cloths in which He was wrapped, for that could not possibly make us rich. It was also not His poverty on earth, where He had nowhere to lay His head (Mt 8:20). We have become rich through nothing else than through the poverty of the three hours of darkness on the cross, where He suffered the judgment of God on our sins.

That is also the only ground on which God could have made us “heirs of the kingdom”. When the Lord Jesus comes back to claim His kingdom, then all heirs will share with Him in His kingdom. God has promised that kingdom “to those who love Him”. James connects the promise of the kingdom to loving God.

That kingdom is appreciated only by those who know Who God is in His love. The love for God is present with all who know that God first loved them (1Jn 4:19). If you have seen and also experienced that God has loved you, of which the highest proof is the gift of His Son, then there is nothing else left for you than to love Him, isn’t it?

Therefore you as an heir can also look forward to that kingdom. Up to that moment you are able, just like the poor about whom James is talking, to enjoy your spiritual riches. Do you already know something about your riches? They are all included and hidden in Christ (Col 2:2-3). It is up to you to dig them up.

In the light of His riches all riches of the world will lose its grip on you. Each investment of time and effort to make the riches of Christ to be your own, will show its efficiency when the Lord Jesus comes back. When you are that rich you will also be able to make other people rich. Then you can be a person of whom Paul says: “As poor yet making many rich, as having nothing yet possessing all things” (2Cor 6:10).

V6. James points out to the readers that they have dishonored the poor by treating them with such disdain. They are blind for what these poor ones mean to God. But also for their conduct toward the rich with whom they love to gain favor, they seem to be blind. What God has done to the poor is in sharp contrast to what the rich had done to the poor.

Just take a good look at what the rich are doing, James says. They oppress you and personally drag you into court. You think it will benefit you if you treat them with honors, but in the meantime you are fleeced by them. These folks are about corpses.

V7. And the worse thing is: through the conduct of the rich the “fair name” of the Lord Jesus by which you have been called, is blasphemed. Therefore there is absolutely no reason to look up to them and to approach them obsequiously.

Now read James 2:1-7 again.

Reflection: Do you approach your fellow believers without personal favoritism?

V8. The difference between the poor and the rich in the meeting is reprehensible. It is strongly condemned by James. He speaks out his condemnation in such a powerful language, that it cannot be misunderstood. When they despise the poor, they violate the “royal law”. In that law all Israelites are considered as objects of God’s favor. There the people are addressed as a whole. James brings his admonition in a positive way. He tells them that they do right if they fulfill the royal law “according to the Scripture”, which means when they carry that out in the way it has been written in God’s Word and according to its purpose.

The royal law is the law of the ten commandments. James calls it ‘the royal law’ to emphasize its high value, which will serve as another exhortation to obey it. This law will be effective in its fullness and excellence in the kingdom to come, that will be reigned by the Lord Jesus as King. That law will then be written in the hearts of the members of God’s people (Heb 8:10). Because that law is written in their hearts they will also be able to live accordingly.

Fulfilling the royal law happens if we love our neighbor like ourselves. Then we do right, then we live right, then we live just as God wants it. This commandment makes clear that in the Old Testament each member of God’s people had his own place before God and that they were all equal in the sight of God. Each member of the people was the neighbor of the other and the other had to be treated with the same love with which a person treated himself. By dealing in that way with one another there would be no room for a preferential treatment of the one person or the neglect of another. In loving your neighbor the whole law is fulfilled (Gal 5:14; Rom 13:8-10).

You may now ask yourself: ‘But we do not live under the law anymore, do we?’ Indeed, we do not live under the law anymore. Therefore James’ purpose is not to bring us back under the law. He shows us that if you love the other you do what the law demands. Do you remember that James writes his letter in a period that God still tolerates His scattered people keeping the law? That’s why James refers to that. He appeals to them in their confession of faith.

This word must also appeal to you. Not in the way James addresses his readers, for you, most likely, do not belong to Israel. The application to you is, that if you love the other you will never do something that damages or hurts the other. Loving is not a performance you perform because the law requires it of you. Loving is the expression of your new life that seeks the good for the other. If you seek the good and not the evil for the other, then it is clear that you, so to speak, automatically fulfill the law.

V9. The law puts everyone on an equal level of responsibility toward God. That law says: You shall love your neighbor as yourself. If we then still make distinctions, then we do not act according to the royal commandment. The neighbor is my brother or sister in faith, the member of God’s church, of which also I am a member by grace.

All Israelites belonged to the one people and each Israelite was a neighbor of each other compatriot. That is how we also are connected to one another. If you pray for your brother that he may be well, you pray that also for yourself at the same time, for if your brother is well, you also will be well. If love is true your preference will disappear. God has not dealt with you according to preference either.

If you still act with partiality then you sin evidently. Is it not clearly in contrast with the law that says that each member of His people is equal to the other and that you are to treat each member of God’s people with the same love? It is undoubtedly a violation in case you still make a difference in your approach to the members.

V10. By violating this one commandment you are guilty of violating the whole law, although you have not violated each of the commandments. That is because in the law the will of God comes to you. The authority of the Giver of the law supports the law. When Moses comes back from the mountain, he does not just erase one single commandment, but he throws both tablets from his hands and shatters them (Exo 32:19). The violation of that one commandment caused the people to be guilty of all the commandments. If you violate a commandment you are dealing with God Who gave both the commandment you violated and all other commandments.

V11. James uses an example. You can keep one commandment, but violate another commandment. Then you are by definition guilty of violating that commandment and in that way you stand guilty before the law wherein the other commandments are also established. The law forms a whole because God is the Giver of the law. If you violate one commandment, it means that you have given in to your own will and that you have despised the will of God, which He has revealed in the total of the law.

V12. As it is said, it is not the purpose of James to put us under the law of the ten commandments. His argument is meant to clarify on the basis of the law how the interactions in the church are to be. The law contains the words of God and contains also useful education for them. James is giving the education with the view to the Jewish-Christian church, but we can also learn a lot from it. The true meaning the law has acquired for him, now that he believes in the Lord of glory, is that of freedom. He has spoken it earlier (Jam 1:25) and here he returns to it.

Freedom is not being unfettered. Freedom has limits. Those limits are not to limit our freedom, but to prevent that we will use freedom in a wrong way. True freedom is doing the will of God and showing Who He is. That was done perfectly by the Lord Jesus. We see that the law of freedom perfectly comes to expression in His life. He was perfectly free because there was nothing of His own will or sin in Him. This allowed Him to be completely bound to the will of God. There was nothing that separated Him from that, nothing that could come between Him and His God and Father.

V13. That law of freedom is the measure of judgment that we ought to make use of in our contact with others. If we live just like the Lord, in undisturbed fellowship with the Father, then that will be heard and seen in our speech and actions. We will especially show our awareness of being judged by the law of freedom by showing mercy. In that way God’s love also came to us. God came with His mercy in our miserable circumstances.

If we do not express in our speech and actions to others the mercy that we have received, we prove that we have not received new life and cannot act according to the law of freedom. God will judge that and that judgment will be just as merciless as the mercilessness with which we have treated others. If we show mercy, we act in the same God also acted when He dealt with us. Then we do not judge the other, but we show him God’s mercy. In that way mercy triumphs over judgment. Mercy conquers judgment.

V14. If you are merciful you show that you yourself are the object of God’s mercy. You may claim that you have faith, but if you do not show that from your works, by showing mercy for example, then it is no more than sweet talk. It is cheap talk and it doesn’t prove anything of the inward life. To claim that you have faith is hollow and empty if there are no works.

You cannot see faith, but it becomes visible from works. Therefore faith and works are inextricably linked. The faith that a person claims to have, cannot save him. You do not see the roots of a plant, but when it grows and flourishes it is proof that the plant has roots. You do not see electricity, but when a lamp goes on it is proof that there is electricity. The Lord Jesus also speaks about the new birth of which you do not know how that happens, but you certainly hear its sound (Jn 3:8). Works prove that there is faith indeed. James gives an example in the following verses.

Because Luther the reformer had had much difficulty to understand this statement of James, he called this letter ‘a straw letter’, in other words a letter without any nutritional value. He said that, since he had discovered the forgery of the doctrine of the roman-catholic church that says that works are necessary to be saved. But in that way Luther threw the baby out with the bathwater. James definitely does not teach that a person is being saved by works. On the contrary he urges to prove faith by works that come out from that faith, works that prove that there is faith. Otherwise there is no faith and therefore no salvation. A ‘lip faith’ doesn’t give salvation.

Now read James 2:8-14 again.

Reflection: How do you bring the royal law into practice?

V15. James clarifies by an example what he means with works that show faith. He suggests his readers to imagine “a brother or sister” who has not got enough cloths against the cold and who has just enough food to survive. That example is up to date to his readers, for they didn’t like the poor (verses 2-3). They might have felt quite addressed.

V16. It could have been the case that they had just had a nice talk with one or other poor brother or sister without giving them what is necessary for the body! When they have enough themselves they can easily say to the poor: “Go in peace.” When they even say in addition that they should be warmed and filled without doing anything about that, then all that talk is plain hypocrisy.

V17. Talking about someone’s lack or even praying for it, without any desire to do something about it, is dead faith. The showing of mercy is missing, and if that is missing, there is no faith. Where there are no works, the faith present in the mouth, is dead in itself. Then faith is not alive, there is no living faith. Faith and works cannot be separated. Faith as such cannot be seen. It can only be made visible by works. Through works it becomes apparent that faith is present.

V18. The argument of James is quite clear. Despite that there comes an objection of someone who wants to make a distinction between faith and works. It is someone who has heard what James said about faith and works. The person himself has no faith, but he can point at a lot of good works. Because he has no faith he has missed the point in James’ message. He is boasting in his works.

James responds to him that the distinction this person makes between faith and works is not possible. If he wants to make a distinction, let him then show his faith without his works. He is not able to do that, but James is definitely able to show faith out of his works. The point is not that James ought to show faith to God. God is sure about his faith. No, the works of faith are precisely to show to men that there is true and living faith in him.

V19. If it is only about faith, without works connected to it, it is no more than an orthodox confession. You can speak that out with your mouth, without it having any meaning to your heart. Look at the Jewish confession. The orthodox Jew wholeheartedly confesses that God is one. That is what God has also prescribed (Deu 6:4). That is a wonderful and fully just confession. It is a good thing that that confession is made.

But do you really think that only speaking that out is the proof of true faith? You can forget about that. Then it would mean that demons also have faith, in other words that they trust God. Demons do believe, but they shudder at the same time because they know that God will judge them because of their works that are all done in rebellion against God.

V20. James concludes his dispute with his (possibly imaginary) opponent. As a kind of conclusion he again clearly says to him, whom he addresses as “foolish fellow”, that faith without works is “useless” or meaningless. By means of two examples he shows the true efficacy of faith.

V21. In the two following examples James clarifies what the works of faith in fact are, how faith becomes apparent from works. These are not examples of works that men call good works. According to human standards, without including faith, we would call Abraham a child-murderer and Rahab was nothing but a traitor to the land.

You will see however that their works are in fact excellent works of faith. These deeds were done out of love for God (by Abraham) and out of love for God’s people (by Rahab). These are the two characteristics that every work of faith has. Both works speak of full trust in God.

James starts with Abraham. He says that Abraham was “justified by works”, without mentioning faith. By presenting it this way James underlines once again how necessary works are, if you want to make a statement about faith.

If you only look at this verse, without reading the following verses, it seems as if he forgets for a moment that justification can only be received by faith and that he comes into conflict here with what Paul teaches in Romans 4 (Rom 4:2-3). As you have seen earlier James and Paul of course do not contradict one another. Through the Spirit each one of them approaches the truth from another point of view.

Paul speaks about the person of Abraham in his relation to God. With Abraham God saw a faith that was focused on Him. God saw that Abraham trusted Him with a faith that He will do what He had said to do, while there was no indication at all that it was going to happen. Because of that faith God declared the person of Abraham righteous. But James is not talking about the person of Abraham to God; he is talking about the faith of Abraham that became visible to men. The faith that God saw in him was made visible to people.

God needed no proof of Abraham’s faith, but he led Abraham into a situation in which his faith became visible to his environment. Therefore you read in Genesis 22 that God tested the faith of Abraham (Gen 22:1). He asked of Abraham to offer his son Isaac on the altar (Gen 22:2,9). James says that “Abraham our father” (after all, he is their forefather), was justified “when he offered up Isaac his son on the altar”. You know that he did not literally need to offer Isaac, but to God Abraham really offered his son.

V22. In that way he showed that his “faith was working with his works”. It even goes further. The faith that Abraham possessed inwardly, was perfected by his works, in other words completed, accomplished.

V23. By this deed, by this work of faith, the Scripture was fulfilled that says: “And Abraham believed God and it was reckoned to him as righteousness.” This quotation comes from Genesis 15 (Gen 15:6) and there it refers to the justification of Abraham because of his faith in God. But James connects this quotation to Abraham’s work of faith in Genesis 22, because this work of faith confirms that he truly possessed faith. Only in that way Abraham could offer everything he had on the altar. Do you also do that? All your possessions, you yourself, your family?

In Isaac Abraham offered everything on the altar. In that way he even offered all God’s promises on the altar. In doing so Abraham proved that as for him God was above everything. The Giver surpasses the gift. The only way Abraham could offer his son was because he looked to God because He trusted God and loved Him. In this all Abraham behaved as “the friend of God”. This is how Jehoshaphat speaks of him toward God (2Chr 20:7) and that is how God Himself calls him (Isa 41:8). When you are a friend of God it means that you love God.

V24. James concludes this example of Abraham with the undeniable conclusion that works of faith are absolutely essential to prove the presence of faith. It is only justified to say that you believe in case it also appears from your works.

V25. In order to illustrate this more abundantly James points at another example from the Scripture. Next to the great man of faith he places Rahab, the harlot, the woman from a cursed nation. In that way he delivers a striking proof that with God there is no partiality. He says that she “in the same way”, which means like Abraham, was justified by faith.

And what did her works consist of? She received “the messengers” in her house and hid them from her compatriots. James calls the spies (Heb 11:31) ‘messengers’ because they came to her with a good message. By receiving the messengers she chose for God’s people and against her people. She believed that the land where she lived was under the judgment and that this land was given by God to His people. She sacrificed the present possession to possess it together with God’s people. That is faith in action.

Do you also sacrifice the land where you live in, the world, to possess it with the Lord Jesus in future? If you know you are connected to God’s people who will only later take possession of the world, you are a traitor in the eyes of the world because you will not commit yourself to anything in this world. Don’t let it weigh you down. Look to the Lord of glory and you will know for Whom you are doing it.

V26. James concludes his teaching about faith and works with a metaphor that is conceivable to everyone: just as the body is a dead thing if there is no spirit in it, so faith is dead if there are no works.

Now read James 2:15-26 again.

Reflection: Which works of faith has James mentioned up to now?